In 1784 Benjamin Franklin came up with the name “battery” to explain an arrangement of charged glass plates worked. Batteries are devices that store energy. The energy stored inside the battery is called battery capacity. The capacity that a battery can hold is due to the maximum amount of energy that can be used from a battery. Capacity is the ratio of charge stored to electric potential difference. The battery capacity is the quantity of active materials in the battery, the amount of electrolyte and the surface area of the plates.
The capacity of a battery is measured by the discharge at a constant current until it reaches its terminal voltage. The most common measurement of capacity is in Ampere-hours. Ampere hours are described as the amount of charge that flows per unit time. Battery capacity depends strongly on the age of the battery, the charging or discharging regimes of the battery and the temperature. At higher temperatures, the battery capacity is higher than at lower temperatures. Battery capacity depends on the age of the battery because over time the rated number of charge/discharge cycles are reduced and may not be available after a set amount of time.9 The temperature affects the ability of the battery to deliver a current. Raising battery temperature is not an effective method to increase battery capacity because this will decrease the life of the battery. The decreased life of the battery is due to the fact that the necessary components for the reaction to occur do not have enough time to move to their necessary positions.
Batteries are devices, which consist of voltaic cells. Allessandro Volta invented the voltaic cell in 1800. Volta’s voltaic cell consisted of discs of zinc and copper arranged in alternating layers and separated by cloth or cardboard soaked in acidic solution. This type of battery caused a lot of corrosion so it isn’t used anymore. The electrical current increased with the number of metal discs13. Each battery contains two voltaic cells in which there are half-cells connected by an electrolyte containing anions and cations. There are many types of batteries. There are disposable of rechargeable batteries13. Most rechargeable batteries have their energy content restored by charging. Batteries have a limited number of charge and discharge cycles. It can take time to charge and discharge because it includes chemical reactions with rates that are not instantaneous. These chemical reactions have a parasitic thermal release that causes the battery to heat up. During charging, some deterioration occurs on each charge and discharge cycle. A too fast charge could also result in a shorter lifespan. Degradation usually occurs because the electrolyte migrates away from the electrodes or the active material falls off the electrodes of the battery. Batteries can cause explosions due to the misuse or malfunction of the battery. Trying to recharge a primary battery and also recharging a battery at an excessive rate could cause an explosion.1
Voltage is the measurement of the electrical force that would drive an electric current between two points. . Both the static electric field and the dynamic electromagnetic field must be included in determining the voltage between two points. Voltage is equal to energy per unit charge. Voltage can be measured by a voltmeter and the unit of measurement is the volt.
Batteries are like Capacitors in which they are both devices that store energy. Pieter Van Musschenbroek invented the Capacitor in 1746.12 Capacitors can store a large electric charge in a small device. These devices charge and discharge more efficiently than batteries do. Basic Capacitors consist of two conductors separated by an insulator. The insulator can be made out of mostly any non-conductive materials. The two conductors have equal and opposite charges. The energy that capacitors store is measured in Farads.12
The supercapacitor is just like a regular capacitor except it has a very high capacitance in a small volume. In a supercapacitor the energy that is stored is static. The measurement of energy stored in a capacitor is measured in Farads. The supercapacitor is a cross between a capacitor and a battery. It uses special electrodes and some electrolyte. There are three kinds of electrode materials suitable for the supercapacitor including, high surface area activated carbons, metal oxide and conducting polymers. Carbon is used in a supercapacitor because it conducts electricity, it is lightweight, and can be formed into a mesh-like structure that soaks up ions. The smaller the pores in the material, the larger its surface area and the more charge the capacitor can hold. This system is also called Double Layer Capacitor because the energy is stored in the double layer formed near the carbon electrode surface. Supercapacitors are used as a buffer between the battery and the device.
There are some advantages to the supercapacitor. Supercapacitor’s have an unlimited cycle life and can be cycled millions of times. Supercapacitor’s have low measurement of opposition to time-varying electric current in an electric circuit. The supercapacitor takes 10 seconds to charge. Full charge occurs when a set of voltage is reached. The ability to absorb energy is limited by size. A supercapacitor can be recharged and discharged virtually unlimited amount of times because they can discharge in milliseconds and are capable of emitting large currents.
There are also some limitations to the supercapacitor. Super capacitors have Low energy density and they typically hold one-fifth to one-tenth the energy of a battery. The cells in Supercapacitor’s have low voltages. Supercapacitor's have high self-discharge in which the rate is considerably higher than that of an electrochemical battery. The supercapacitor is very expensive and costs per watt.
Batteries have evolved over time. Volta’s version of the battery in 1800 consisted of stacks of zinc, acid-moistened cardboard and copper. Today batteries are made in all different types and have many uses from hearing aides to cars. The advancement of batteries will grow as technology and chemistry gains more knowledge. Even though the supercapacitor is very expensive to use, overtime chemistry will improve the supercapacitor so it is more efficient and less costly.
The Supercapacitor will eventually replace the battery but not yet. Supercapacitor's can not fully operate by themselves. Batteries are needed to store the energy and Supercapacitor's can be charged and discharged millions of times. This is why the Supercapacitor and batteries come together to make a “hybrid battery”. They supplement each other. This “hybrid battery” will become the new super battery.
Procedure
First i made one of the three leyden jars by attaching aluminum foil around the outside of a glass jar, with electrical tape. Then I attached a piece of copper wire to the aluminum foil with electrical tape. After that i hammered a 3 inches stainless steel rod into the top of the jar and then sealed the hole with hot glue. i repeated these steps two more times except changing the size of the steel rod to 2 inches and then 1 inch. Before testing the three jars, i put 2 teaspoons of table salt into the jar. Then i filled the rest of the jar up with warm water. Then i attached a 12volt battery to the jar by attaching the positive cable to the stainless steel rod and then i attached the negative cable to the copper wire. After attaching the battery to the jar i then i attached a volt meter to the jar to find out weither the jar was holding the charge from the battery. Then i charged and measured the other two jars after.
Results
After testing all of the jars that i made, i found out that none of the jars would hold the charge of the battery. I then revised my jar by attaching aluminum foil to the inside of one of the jars and also attaching a piece of copper wire to the aluminum foil inside the jar with electrical tape. This time i did not fill the jars with salt water. This revision did not change the results at all. The Jar still did not hold the charge of the 12volt battery.
Conclusions
I was surprised by my results because i had no intentions that it wouldn't work. Things that could have been changed were by using a higher voltage battery but that could have made the experiment dangerous and I wasn't going to take that risk. I thought that i could have altered the materials i used by using a more conductive metal instead of the stainless steel rod so that possibly the jar would actually hold the charge from the battery. I also could have looked m ore into other experiments dealing with leyden jars to see how the instructions varied. My quesiton about this experiement would be how to make this experiment work. I tried many times and wayts to make it work but it didnt. i wish i could have figured a way to improve this experiment for it to have succeeded.
6. Robinson, Arthur L. "Energy Storage (I): Using Electricity More Efficiently ."
Science. 1974. JSTOR. Web. 29 Mar. 2010. <http://www.jstor.org/ stable/1738654>.
10. Schallenberg, Richard H. "The Anomalous Storage Battery: An American Lag in
Early Electrical Engineering." Technology and Culture 22.4 (1981):
725-752. Print.
Table of Contents
Battery Capacity
Danielle
Introduction
In 1784 Benjamin Franklin came up with the name “battery” to explain an arrangement of charged glass plates worked. Batteries are devices that store energy. The energy stored inside the battery is called battery capacity. The capacity that a battery can hold is due to the maximum amount of energy that can be used from a battery. Capacity is the ratio of charge stored to electric potential difference. The battery capacity is the quantity of active materials in the battery, the amount of electrolyte and the surface area of the plates.
The capacity of a battery is measured by the discharge at a constant current until it reaches its terminal voltage. The most common measurement of capacity is in Ampere-hours. Ampere hours are described as the amount of charge that flows per unit time. Battery capacity depends strongly on the age of the battery, the charging or discharging regimes of the battery and the temperature. At higher temperatures, the battery capacity is higher than at lower temperatures. Battery capacity depends on the age of the battery because over time the rated number of charge/discharge cycles are reduced and may not be available after a set amount of time.9 The temperature affects the ability of the battery to deliver a current. Raising battery temperature is not an effective method to increase battery capacity because this will decrease the life of the battery. The decreased life of the battery is due to the fact that the necessary components for the reaction to occur do not have enough time to move to their necessary positions.
Batteries are devices, which consist of voltaic cells. Allessandro Volta invented the voltaic cell in 1800. Volta’s voltaic cell consisted of discs of zinc and copper arranged in alternating layers and separated by cloth or cardboard soaked in acidic solution. This type of battery caused a lot of corrosion so it isn’t used anymore. The electrical current increased with the number of metal discs13. Each battery contains two voltaic cells in which there are half-cells connected by an electrolyte containing anions and cations. There are many types of batteries. There are disposable of rechargeable batteries13. Most rechargeable batteries have their energy content restored by charging. Batteries have a limited number of charge and discharge cycles. It can take time to charge and discharge because it includes chemical reactions with rates that are not instantaneous. These chemical reactions have a parasitic thermal release that causes the battery to heat up. During charging, some deterioration occurs on each charge and discharge cycle. A too fast charge could also result in a shorter lifespan. Degradation usually occurs because the electrolyte migrates away from the electrodes or the active material falls off the electrodes of the battery. Batteries can cause explosions due to the misuse or malfunction of the battery. Trying to recharge a primary battery and also recharging a battery at an excessive rate could cause an explosion.1
Voltage is the measurement of the electrical force that would drive an electric current between two points. . Both the static electric field and the dynamic electromagnetic field must be included in determining the voltage between two points. Voltage is equal to energy per unit charge. Voltage can be measured by a voltmeter and the unit of measurement is the volt.
Batteries are like Capacitors in which they are both devices that store energy. Pieter Van Musschenbroek invented the Capacitor in 1746.12 Capacitors can store a large electric charge in a small device. These devices charge and discharge more efficiently than batteries do. Basic Capacitors consist of two conductors separated by an insulator. The insulator can be made out of mostly any non-conductive materials. The two conductors have equal and opposite charges. The energy that capacitors store is measured in Farads.12
The supercapacitor is just like a regular capacitor except it has a very high capacitance in a small volume. In a supercapacitor the energy that is stored is static. The measurement of energy stored in a capacitor is measured in Farads. The supercapacitor is a cross between a capacitor and a battery. It uses special electrodes and some electrolyte. There are three kinds of electrode materials suitable for the supercapacitor including, high surface area activated carbons, metal oxide and conducting polymers. Carbon is used in a supercapacitor because it conducts electricity, it is lightweight, and can be formed into a mesh-like structure that soaks up ions. The smaller the pores in the material, the larger its surface area and the more charge the capacitor can hold. This system is also called Double Layer Capacitor because the energy is stored in the double layer formed near the carbon electrode surface. Supercapacitors are used as a buffer between the battery and the device.
There are some advantages to the supercapacitor. Supercapacitor’s have an unlimited cycle life and can be cycled millions of times. Supercapacitor’s have low measurement of opposition to time-varying electric current in an electric circuit. The supercapacitor takes 10 seconds to charge. Full charge occurs when a set of voltage is reached. The ability to absorb energy is limited by size. A supercapacitor can be recharged and discharged virtually unlimited amount of times because they can discharge in milliseconds and are capable of emitting large currents.
There are also some limitations to the supercapacitor. Super capacitors have Low energy density and they typically hold one-fifth to one-tenth the energy of a battery. The cells in Supercapacitor’s have low voltages. Supercapacitor's have high self-discharge in which the rate is considerably higher than that of an electrochemical battery. The supercapacitor is very expensive and costs per watt.
Batteries have evolved over time. Volta’s version of the battery in 1800 consisted of stacks of zinc, acid-moistened cardboard and copper. Today batteries are made in all different types and have many uses from hearing aides to cars. The advancement of batteries will grow as technology and chemistry gains more knowledge. Even though the supercapacitor is very expensive to use, overtime chemistry will improve the supercapacitor so it is more efficient and less costly.
The Supercapacitor will eventually replace the battery but not yet. Supercapacitor's can not fully operate by themselves. Batteries are needed to store the energy and Supercapacitor's can be charged and discharged millions of times. This is why the Supercapacitor and batteries come together to make a “hybrid battery”. They supplement each other. This “hybrid battery” will become the new super battery.
Procedure
First i made one of the three leyden jars by attaching aluminum foil around the outside of a glass jar, with electrical tape. Then I attached a piece of copper wire to the aluminum foil with electrical tape. After that i hammered a 3 inches stainless steel rod into the top of the jar and then sealed the hole with hot glue. i repeated these steps two more times except changing the size of the steel rod to 2 inches and then 1 inch. Before testing the three jars, i put 2 teaspoons of table salt into the jar. Then i filled the rest of the jar up with warm water. Then i attached a 12volt battery to the jar by attaching the positive cable to the stainless steel rod and then i attached the negative cable to the copper wire. After attaching the battery to the jar i then i attached a volt meter to the jar to find out weither the jar was holding the charge from the battery. Then i charged and measured the other two jars after.
Results
After testing all of the jars that i made, i found out that none of the jars would hold the charge of the battery. I then revised my jar by attaching aluminum foil to the inside of one of the jars and also attaching a piece of copper wire to the aluminum foil inside the jar with electrical tape. This time i did not fill the jars with salt water. This revision did not change the results at all. The Jar still did not hold the charge of the 12volt battery.
Conclusions
I was surprised by my results because i had no intentions that it wouldn't work. Things that could have been changed were by using a higher voltage battery but that could have made the experiment dangerous and I wasn't going to take that risk. I thought that i could have altered the materials i used by using a more conductive metal instead of the stainless steel rod so that possibly the jar would actually hold the charge from the battery. I also could have looked m ore into other experiments dealing with leyden jars to see how the instructions varied. My quesiton about this experiement would be how to make this experiment work. I tried many times and wayts to make it work but it didnt. i wish i could have figured a way to improve this experiment for it to have succeeded.
References
1. "Battery." Wikipedia. N.p., 15 Mar. 2010. Web. 21 Mar. 2010.
[[<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)>]].
2. American Association for the Advancement of Science. "Storage of Electricity."
Science. 13th ed. 1889. Print.
3. Buthelezi, Thandi, et al. "Electrochemistry." Chemistry, Matter and Change.
2008. Print.
4. Service, Robert F. "New 'Supercapacitor' Promises to Pack More Electrical
Punch." Science 18 Aug. 2006: n. pag. Web. 29 Mar. 2010.
5. Buchmann, Isidor Buchmann. "whats the role of the supercapacitor?" Battery
University. N.p., July 2003. Web. 21 Mar. 2010.
<http://www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-8.htm>.
6. Robinson, Arthur L. "Energy Storage (I): Using Electricity More Efficiently ."
Science. 1974. JSTOR. Web. 29 Mar. 2010. <http://www.jstor.org/ stable/1738654>.
7. "Voltage." wikipedia. N.p., 10 Feb. 2010. Web. 21 Mar. 2010.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_source>.
8. Suchocki, John, Leslie A. Hewitt, and Paul G. Hewitt. "Batteries." Conceptual
Physical Science. 2nd ed. 1999. Print.
9. "Battery Capacity." pveducation. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2010.
<http://pvcdrom.pveducation.org/BATTERY/capacity.htm>.
10. Schallenberg, Richard H. "The Anomalous Storage Battery: An American Lag in
Early Electrical Engineering." Technology and Culture 22.4 (1981):
725-752. Print.
11. "Origin of Electrical Power." American History. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2010.
<http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/prehist.htm>.
12. Zitzewitz, Paul W. "Storing of Charges: The Capacitor." Physics: Principles and
Problems. 1999. Print.
13. Thandi, Buthelezi, et al. "Electrochemistry." Chemistry: matter and change.
2008. Print.